Tragic Night Essays - Federal Bureau Of Investigation,

Tragic Night A Tragic Night The dark sedan pulled quietly in front of a comfortable family home located in the Broncs. The brick residence stood silent and dark in the early hours of the morning, looking much like the rest of the houses in the neighborhood. However, inside this house lay the prosecution's sole witness in the most important case in the history of the state. Without him, the trial could not go to court. His life was in danger. Federal agent Michael Black stepped from the car with two colleagues and the three men made their way carefully and quietly to the boy's bedroom window. Agent Black stood watch with his pistol drawn and ready. The FBI didn't normally do this sort of thing, but in this case there was no other choice. His colleagues quickly snatched the sleeping boy from his bed, covering his mouth, and threw him into the waiting car. Agent Black briskly hopped into the driver's seat and eased the car off down the road. The boy, Richard Thompson had witnessed what was turning out to be the most important case in the state's history, and after the FBI had uncovered the Mafia link they were left with no choice but to take Richard into safety. They presumed that the Mafia was watching every move made by the boy and his family, and the FBI could not risk telling the boy's mother or any other family members. Richard sat in the backseat, squeezed between two agents. He was confused, still half asleep and luckily, very quiet. The dark car turned off the freeway and drove carefully down what seemed to bean unused dirt road. They were taking him to an FBI safe house, to reduce the risk of him being found. As the car turned a corner and picked up speed, a single shot was fired. The gunshot rang throughout the trees. Agent Black looked in the back only to see that the agent on the left side was leaning on Richard, and the other agent was frantically trying to move the body. He had no idea what to do, but he knew that he couldn't take the boy to the safe house. He suddenly stepped on the gas and spun the wheel. The car turned a full 180 degrees as he continued to accelerate. The car raced past the spot where the first shot was fired. Instantly, another shot was fired hitting the second agent in the face, automatically killing him. Once back on the freeway, Agent Black picked up his mobile phone and rang his boss. We've got a leak. He spat out quickly, Shots were fire and John and Ralph are dead, but the kid's still alive. I've got to get him somewhere safe fast. OK, OK. Where are you taking him? his boss asked. I don't want to say. Your phone could be bugged. Ring me back from a pay-phon e. Then he promptly hung up. After losing the car that was trailing him, he turned slowly off the freeway and made his way quietly down a suburban street. He parked outside an old weatherboard house and carried Richard around the back. He forced open an old wooden door and carried the boy down the stairs to the basement. His mobile rang. Mike. That you? It was the boss. Yep. I've got the kid and I'm at my parent's house. What! It's not safe! The boss said angrily. He trusted Mike, but Richard was a very important witness. Don't worry. I'm in the basement. They wont even know I'm here. Agent Black was calm now and had time to think. OK, but keep it that way. The boss said reluctantly. We need the kid. No witness, no trial, you know the story. Get some sleep and I'll come down tomorrow in person. Sunlight shined in through the vents along the east wall as Agent Black woke to answer the door. He was still dressed, but had been sleeping and was not fully alert. He opened the door and yawned. Before he had even closed his mouth, the assassin shot the silenced pistol, putting a neat hole through his head. The assassin then stepped over the body

Evolution in the English Language

Evolution in the English Language English is now indisputably an international language. It even has a new acronym: ELF, or English as a Lingua Franca. However, unlike French or Latin, the original LFs only of the European world, English is literally everywhere, and is the default language for many industries and fields of study and employment.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Whether you are travelling, living abroad in an Anglophone country, or studying English in school, you will find that there is not just one variant of English. If you are not careful, you can run afoul of regional differences in word usage that can embarrass or inconvenience you, and may detract from the clarity of your writing. Because of the mix of ethnicities that makes up the USA, American English has evolved along different lines. Thus, a British speaker and an American speaker can find themselves talking at cross purposes unless they understand the idiomatic differences between the two regional forms of the language. The following are some examples from personal experience: Consider the classic error made by a British hotel guest when suggesting to an attractive young person that they sightsee together the following day. â€Å"Shall I come round and knock you up in the morning?† asks the Brit, and the American wonders why this ill-mannered lout wishes to get her with child. The phrase â€Å"to knock up† is US slang for getting someone pregnant. He could have said, â€Å"Shall I knock on your door in the morning?† and this international incident would have been averted entirely. And by the way, the phrase â€Å"young person† is another Briticism, albeit one that may be a bit vintage. Americans would speak of a â€Å"young lady† if they have any manners. Another classic mistake can occur in a â€Å"pub† (known to Yanks as a â€Å"bar†), when someone offers â€Å"cider†. In the USA, almost without exception, â€Å"cider† is unfiltered apple juice. It is served as an eco-friendly and often locally sourced alternative to less healthy â€Å"soft† (non-alcoholic) beverages such as Coke, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper or other overpriced mixtures of sugar water, caramel coloring, and marketing. In Britain, on the other hand, the term â€Å"cider† refers to a fairly potent (and tasty) fermented version of apple juice that can set the unwary imbiber reeling. Cider was once fermented enthusiastically everywhere in the colonies, as was Perry, or pear cider, but Prohibition nearly wiped that industry out. It making a comeback as an alcoholic drink, along with locally made sausage, and boutique beers, but it will be reliably referred to as â€Å"hard cider†.Advertising Looking for article on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As l ong as we are on the topic of embarrassing mistakes, consider the word â€Å"rubber†. In the USA, this refers to the substance derived from latex, but also to male contraceptives, or condoms, which protect the male reproductive organ, or â€Å"pecker† (USA). In the UK, the word â€Å"rubber† refers to an eraser, and the â€Å"pecker† is the chin, meaning that â€Å"keeping one’s pecker up† is a phrase to use with care. Another pitfall phrase is â€Å"on the job†. In the USA, this means literally while working – as in â€Å"managerial training on the job†. In British English, on the other hand, this can refer to that most intimate of consensual interpersonal activities, so avoid this phrase unless you are sure of your audience! â€Å"Fannies† in the USA are what a lady sits upon, but in Britain, the word refers to her most female of parts. This is another word to avoid! Now that we are all thoroughly embarrassed, c onsider the word that, in Britain, is used to refer to cigarettes, or at least used to be; â€Å"f*g†. In the USA, this pejorative and offensive term for a homosexual should really be avoided entirely. Another explosive word, ni**er, seems to be used in the UK to apply to all people with dark skin. In the USA, this is called the n-word, and refers usually to those whose African ancestors were enslaved. These words have such hurtful connotations that the best strategy is to just find different ways to describe others. Moving on to happier topics, and remembering the popular modern adage, â€Å"Life is short; eat dessert first†, take note that the traveler who asks for â€Å"pudding† in the UK will be served a sweet ending to a meal of almost any type. In the USA, however, â€Å"pudding† means a very specific sweet; a soft composition of milk and eggs (or the modern food chemist’s equivalent thereof), cooked to a consistency that sticks to the spoon. A baked mixture of milk, eggs, and sugar, with bread cubes, cooked rice, pasta, or tapioca, generates a nearly endless ethnic and regional variety of â€Å"puddings† (bread pudding, noodle kugel, etc.). They can all be yummy in the hands of a deft cook. Likewise, â€Å"biscuits† in the UK are a â€Å"cookie† in the USA. American â€Å"biscuits† are actually a quick bread, not made with yeast, but with baking powder and a great deal of shortening (butter, lard, or vegetable fat). They are not sweet, but serve as a magnificent transport mechanism for gravy, drippings, butter, honey, maple syrup, sorghum syrup, or fruit preserves. A specialized American use of biscuits is strawberry shortcake, which originally meant a biscuit (salty) topped with fresh berries (sweet and tart) and whipped cream (richly unctuous and perhaps sweet).Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Evolution in the English Language specifically for you for only $16 .05 $11/page Learn More This is all fun, but there are additionally serious differences that anyone trying to live, work, or study internationally needs to remember. These divergences in practice are extensive and keeping a reference list at hand or bookmarked on the computer is a good idea. Here is a sampling: In American English, teams and corporations usually take singular forms of verbs (e.g., Apple Corporation has brought out a new model), whereas in the UK, they often take plural forms (e.g., Manchester United are the winners. This is an instant signal indicating where one’s English was learned. British English uses shall more often than will. In British English, the preposition from is used to indicate start times (e.g., Classes start from Monday), whereas in American English, the word â€Å"starting† or the preposition â€Å"on† is used instead (e.g., Classes start on Monday†, or â€Å"It will run six weeks, starting Monday† ). Americans enroll in courses, go to addresses on streets, and enroll in courses, while Brits use the other preposition. As English is used more and more widely and by peoples all over the world, there will be inevitable evolution in the language. What will â€Å"correct English† mean in 10, or 50 years? This subject is much too large for this article, but is the subject of serious academic consideration. In the meantime, try to use local variants but don’t let worry keep you from trying out your English in every possible situation.

Special Advertizing Campaigns Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Special Advertizing Campaigns - Research Paper Example According to research conducted by the prestigious consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers and the Interactive Advertising Bureau Poland Internet is still a dominant communication channel, it has even achieved a 12.9% increase year to year. In the research 29 entities took part and they presented data related to sales executed by external firms. The most dynamic segment has been search engine marketing which has increased by 3% compared to 2008 and in 2009 constituted 26% of total advertising expenses. The segment of advertisements and yellow pages noted a 5% value increase, whereas taking into consideration the share in the advertising types it has experienced a slight decline – 1%. E-mail marketing maintained its position of advertising expenses, that just like in 2008 amounted to 6%. In the research report, with the help of 14 entities: interactive agencies or interactive departments of advertising agencies took part , sum of net revenues of advertising agencies without medi a increased by 6.3% year to year (6.9% including media i.e. planned purchase and service of media by mediation of interactive agencies). ... The number of long-term projects lasting from 3 to 6 months has increased, whereas the number of projects executed within a month has halved. In total sales in 2009 there is a distinct share increase in motorization, transport, alcoholic beverages and telecommunication. While the following sectors: finances, commerce, hygiene, pharmacy, computers, fashion and books, DVD, food, tourism have reported a decline. According to 29% of researched agencies the interactive sector expects a 21-40% increase in sales in 2010; according to 21% of the researched the increase will amount to 5-10% and according to 14% of the researched the level of sales increase may exceed 61%. This report also reports that year 2009 has been the period of development of social portals engaging internauts. Social marketing has been the fastest developing segment in the US market. Among communities significant presence of business could be observed. Mobile segment turned out to be particularly strong. It is estimate d that in 2010 mobile advertising in Great Britain will increase by 38%. We would like to wish to the Internet sector next success in 2010. The Report has been divided into 8 chapters. Chapter 1 focused manily on Polish Internet market survey results. According to the InternetWorldStats data for December 2009, 27% people across world uses Internet. 42% Asians of all Internet users dominate among internauts. Whereas almost every fourth Internet user (24%) lives in Europe. According to GUS research of April 2009, 57% of Polish households used Internet. Next 2% did have access; remaining 41% did not have access to Internet due to lack of skills, lack of need & too much expense. According to the NetTrack research (Millward Brown SMG/KRC commissioned by

Integrated Marketing Communication and Customer Satisfaction strategy Assignment

Integrated Marketing Communication and Customer Satisfaction strategy - Assignment Example Globaltechno marketing team is looking at growing globally and adding the Korea to their international market. The first task for marketing strategy would be to identify the target consumers which happen to be the large number of air travelers to Korea. A more focused approach will be to target a particular age group or a social class of people. The advertising should aim to recover the old loyal customer base. Next, promote awareness of Globaltechno watches, then stimulate sales directly and "attract competitors customers", and lastly modify its image. Once the business reputation is established and its products are positioned within the market, the amount of resources used for advertising will decrease as the consumer loyalty base expands (Shea, Barbara & Jennifer Haupt, 1995). Advertising mediums like the print media, television, and travelers’ guide map sponsorships, advertising opportunities in and around the airports will have to be effectively exploited. The Department for watch manufacturing in Korea estimates that it serves over 2 million customers a year which presents a large market that may be exploited for expanding Globaltechno consumer base. Demand for watches is projected to grow in the medium to long-term. The right artwork, promos and tag lines will be developed for which employing an advertising agency to create the art work is recommended. A systematic value network will provide a system of partnerships to distribute Globaltechno products as well as provide customer services. Globaltechno’s entry into Korea will definitely expose the brand to a larger marketplace. A number of parameters will be effective in determining the effectiveness of advertisement campaign. Number of enquiries received from an advert and how many of these actually converted into sales. It will be important to determine customer awareness both before and after the advertising campaign. The number of enquiries that an advert

Volcanic Eruptions versus Human Civilizations 2mya Essay

Volcanic Eruptions versus Human Civilizations 2mya - Essay Example Besides, it will also assess the connection between volcanic activity and population distribution in the modern world and the ancient world (Small and Naumann, 2001, p. 32). The structure of the ancient civilizations shall also be another element that this paper will address as it endeavors to unearth how different civilizations functioned. Case study of such civilizations shall come from China, Asia, Africa and India. Additionally, this paper will also analyze the evolution of hominid and their association with the selected civilizations that this paper shall analyze, evaluate and discuss (Sparks et al., 2005, p. 41). Introduction There are volcanic landscapes all over the world that one may observe that at one time in history has tremendous effects on human culture and civilization. Perhaps the most prominent eruption in the recent past was the Toba eruption (Machida and Sugiyama, 2002, p. 49). This was the last massive volcanic eruption in history for the last few hundred thousand years ago. That is as far as the Mediterranean basin is an item of analysis. Many historians assert that this eruption drew in large populations after the eruption, contrary to popular beliefs that populations would normally move away from disaster zones (Lowe, 2002, p. 47). That may have been a historic coincidence. This does not wash away other facts that volcanic eruptions may act to disperse populations (Rampino and Ambrose, 2000, p. 32). Other civilizations have also been victims of volcanic activity. In fact, some civilizations have even disappeared in the aftermath of immense volcanic activity. Some historic examples include empires that were hardest hit during the Cycladic and Minoan that suffered massive disasters during the 1628 B.C mammoth eruptions. To say generalize that volcanic activity has a negative effect on civilization would not suffice an informed assessment (Rampino, 2002, p. 33). Rather, at times in history, there were occasions when effects of volcanic activ ity were profound on civilizations. Sometimes civilizations fell or declined owing to volcanic activities (Torrence and Grattan, 2002, p. 14). Nevertheless, such is just like the rise and wane of kingdoms. It happens that sometimes there are factors that promote the growth of civilizations or sometimes factors may set in that disfavor growth of civilizations. There could be a probability of coincidences. As such, there may be close relationships between such success factors, volcanic activity and the emergence of a civilization (Sharma, 2004, p. 29). However, volcanic activity remains the overriding factor given that it has a record that one may relate closely with the emergence of civilizations. Some other factors about volcanic activities such as shaping the landscape have a connection with early civilizations. This is because landscapes influence human settlements and civilizations emerged out from organized settlements. Another aspect about volcanic landscape is that nature of e conomic life and cultures that arise have some complex similarities across the world. This is so intricate in such that one may conclude that there is something about volcanic landscapes and cultures. Probably one may explain the issue of related economic activities to the fact that the mountains presented modified climate that was a gift to economic life (Robock, 2000, p. 42). Most communities that inhabited such volcanic areas responded to the uniqueness of their surrounding by

The Aspects Of Deep Sea Life

The Aspects Of Deep Sea Life The discoverer of the titanic, Dr Robert Ballard famously referred to the deep sea as far more alien than going to mars or the moon. The deep sea is one of the largest virtually unexplored ecosystems on the planet; it is found at a depth of 1000 fathoms [1] and is subject to adverse changes in temperature, pressure and light penetration amongst other factors. Therefore as expected fish decrease in abundance, and species diversity. This trend is prominent as in order to survive the harsh conditions of the deep sea, fish need a number of specific adaptations. Allowing them to ultimately survive, feed, and reproduce. The deep sea is one of the most hostile environments in the world, which a living organism is subjected to. As you progress from the surface (the epipelagic zone) through to the abyssopelagic zone near the basin of the ocean; the environmental characteristics begin to alter dramatically. Light, pressure, oxygen, temperature and food are abiotic factors that have all led to the fascinating adaptations of deep sea life. Pressure alone increases by 1 atmosphere for each 10m in depth which is an astonishing rate. The deep sea temperature remains between 2-4Â °c, which is just another factor inhabitants must overcome in order to survive, along with a reduced quantity and accessibility of essential factors like ;oxygen, food and light[3]. Figure 1From the surface to its deepest depth the ocean is 11km deep, and with this distance comes a vast change in physiological feature of fish as they try to survive the changing conditions. The bottom of the deep sea exists in darkness as little light penetrates through the surface. Therefore most inhabitants have to rely on their senses to survive. The fish require light to survive; they use it to locate food, during the mating season and to identify prey or predators. It is a vital resource but as light is absent in the deep sea, Many fish have developed special adaptations in order to survive. The viper fish (shown in figure 1) possesses large eyes to catch the little light present. This helps them to locate prey as well as avoid predators. [4] Light cannot penetrate any deeper than the epipelagic layer, therefore the only light present is that produced from the inhabitants themselves. A percentage of deep sea fish are able to create light through the chemical reaction; bioluminescence. Most of the light created by marine organisms is blue-green in colour. As blue light travels best in water and most marine organisms are sensitive to blue light.'[6] Anglerfish produc es the chemical luciferin which reacts with oxygen to create light. The light helps species communicate, attract a mate or prey, or deter predators. As the bioluminescent lure is believe to mimic the movements of zooplankton. [6] Being the lower layer of the ocean, it is no wonder the pressure is immense for the fish of the deep. The pressure exist between 200-600 atm , and in order to survive this immense pressure deep sea creature have special adapted bodies which have no excess cavities, e.g. Swim bladders that would collapse under intense pressure, instead they have neutral buoyancy where there bladders are filled with lipids. The deep sea dragon fish lives at a depth of 5000 meter, to survive the dragon fish has soft ,flabby, flesh and bones this aid its ability to survive under the extreme pressure. The deep waters are extremely cold reaching a maximum temperature of 3 degrees, deep sea temperature is relatively stable with the exception of hydrothermal vent where hot water is emitted, but there is little fluctuation in water temperature. The cold water slows the metabolism of the fish, so many of the deep sea animals move very slow and have special enzymes that deal with the unique environment. The sea cucumbers carry high levels of unsaturated fat in their cell walls to maintain membrane fluidity in this cold, high-pressure environment. The cold water is the poorest environment for oxygen content. As oxygen concentration decrease as the temperature does. Fish have evolved by being more effective at removing oxygen from the water by posing a large gill surface area. However in the deep sea oxygen is not replenished as due to the lack of light penetrating, photosynthesis does not occur. In addition the nutrient salt concentration of the deep sea is much higher than found above a s the sea floor act of a graveyard for dead biological material. Therefore fish of the deep sea have a low metabolic rate to conserve energy reducing their need for oxygen. Also fish posses hemocyanin respiratory protein; this protein has a very high affinity for O2 and large Bohr effects. [6] They also have a short diffuse distance from water to blood allowing the oxygen to be used immediately, satisfying over half of their oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange through the skin, so more oxygen can be collected through the day. Due to the lack of photosynthesis, plant life exists at its lowest percentage in the deep sea. Zooplanktons and phytoplankton rarely find themselves in the deepest depth of the ocean. So many of the deep sea fish are predators but this means food is minimal in the waters. There are a number of fascinating feeding mechanisms that deep sea fish have employed. Firstly the formation and use of the bioluminescence for hunting, fish use their ability to produce light to mimic patterns that attract prey, the angler fish uses light producing bacteria that help create a special fishing rod like fin that hangs over the head. This light helps attract the prey. The viperfish use light in its mouth to lure the prey into its awaiting stomach. [7] Some deep sea fish do migrate upwards during the night when less predatory are present to feed but as food is in such low concentration , energy conservation is a high priority to deep sea fish and therefore most of the fish hunt by the lie and wait metho d. As deep sea fish poses a well developed lateral lines, this is a sense organ that can detect movement and vibrations in the water. This allows the deep sea fish to detect prey passing them so they can dart out to capture them. [8] With the shortage of food available in the deep sea, the inhabitants must be prepared to eat whatever they find and thus must be equipped for this; they have large mouth and huge jaws. piscivorous is a sit and wait predator, its morphological characteristics are large body size, large gape, long sharp depressible teeth and large eyes. Some have non functioning gill racks so that smaller fish can pass through to its mouth easily ,nearly all deep sea fish have protruding, flexible, huge mouth and extended alimentary canal in order to store more food and prolong the digestive time. Other deep sea fish like lamprey feed on the dead carcasses that fall from above, they are adapted to this mode of feeding as they contain barbells around there mouth which help s them feel for food in the mud. But it is the black dragon fish that is most evolved for predation as it has the ability to produce red light below its eye so can see other fauna where most fish have an inability to see red light. In order to live with the lack of food deep sea inhabitants posses a large lipid rich liver that do not function for buoyancy but as an important energy source. This allows them to use this in times of extreme shortage. The most reliable food source for the deep sea environment is the constant rain of organic debris from the organism above. larvaceans have adapted to produce a mucus that can catch this marine snow so it has a steady food supply. With the shortage of food and the increase of carnivores in the deep sea, one of the most important aspects is protection against predators. Deep sea fish have developed many ways to survive the jaws of another inhabitant. Firstly coloration plays a massive role, as fish can produce a variety of colours and some fish like the flat fish can change it coloration to match it surroundings at the time. fish have distinct marking on their body to disguise themselves, the jacknife high hat have dark lines that run through its eyes to hide them, so you cannot tell where the fish or looking or if it is in fact a fish. Butterfly fish trick there predators with the presence of spots on their bodies that resembles eyes. Other fish exhibit collation known as counter shading, this means they are dark on top against the dark background and light on the bottom, so if a fish look up its disguised by the little light showing. Some fish have mirror like scales that reflect the light so the fish will mi rror the background. Most fish that inhabit the deep sea are usually red or transparent as this means they will not be detected by predators. Other forms of protect is the ability to produce venom, sting rays have poison glands that can help catch prey and ecsacpe predators. Others use electric organs that can be used as a defence mechanism or simply to feed . deep sea shrimp has an antennae that sense chemical in the water to help avoid predators whereas giant squid have two eyes , a larger one that looks to the surface catching light , this light in then passed onto the smaller one which can now look down with the possession of light to see any prey or predatory below. Successful reproduction in lightless habitats in based mainly on chemical communication, as the fish must provide effective fertilisation in the absence of any visual orientation [9]. In the deep sea many of the fish are simultaneous hermaphrodites; they can spawn with any individual encounter [10]. Overall reproduction is very similar in the deep ocean to that of the fish at the surface, although fish in the deep sea are known to produce large quantities of sperm and eggs to increase their chances of successful reproduction. The darkness of the habitat makes locating a mate is difficult as they are few and far between, so deep sea fish have evolved to be able to detect the smell of other fish in water, Latern fish have developed small body organs on their sides called photophores, these pigments can produce light that are arranged in specific pattern, these can be seen at long distances and are recognised by potential mates. Viper fish have a unique method of fertilization. Once there eggs are fertilized they float to the surface and become part of plankton, but as larva develop into juveniles they tend descend to the bottom, which mean food is not scarce during their essential development stage. This method increases the survival of viper fish by over 50 %. The angler fish is yet another fish who has a unique method of reproduction , the angler fish method ensure successful reproduction as the male anglerfish has a over developed olfactory organ which allows them to locate the female , the male is small and is therefore more active than the female . Once the female is located the male bites down and becomes a permanent attachment and begins to receive his nourishment from the female while he provides the sperm. The female can have more than one male attach which mean productivity is high and survival is more likely. All fish characteristics their body to suit their environment, deep sea fish are no different those near coral reef are vertically compressed like angel fish; it allows them to move about in the crevices of the reef. As their highest priority is manoeuvrability [11] Sting rays that inhabit the benthic zone of the sea have a depressed shape. They have extended pectoral fins giving them a heart shaped disc. Fish that live on the floor of the ocean rely on their shape and camouflage to catch prey and to survive against predators. The benthic fish bury themselves in the floor of the ocean to hide from their predator; their anterior down turned mouth is useful for bottom feeders. There pectoral fins have sensory receptors and taste buds to locate food. The most amazing adaption of bottom dwelling fish is there negative buoyancy which allows them to lay on the bottom of the ocean with ease. This is just another adaption deep sea inhabitant have secured in order to live. Deep sea fish are often described as bizarre looking as they have adapted their bodies to suit their habitat. These adaptions include large eyes, adjusted body shape, self-luminous cells and sensory organs. The deep sea is virtually unexplored compare to any other environment, meaning knowledge is minimal the only reason for the lack of understanding is our inability to research in the extreme conditions, the fish of this fierce habitat are extremely adapted, removal of the inhabitant alive is rare. proving that deep sea fish have evolved massively. They no longer resemble inhabitant from the layers above. You can go as far as to say they are almost a species of their own. But ultimately adaptations are highly important in surviving any environment but in the deep sea the fish have had to evolve immensely just to survive. [1] http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/habitats/Deep_sea [2] http://www.seasky.org/deep-sea/ocean-layers.html [3] http://marinebio.org/Oceans/Deep [4] http://www.suite101.com/content/adaptations-of-deep-sea-fish-a230044 [] [6] http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bathypelagic_zone?topic=49523 [7] http://www.allthesea.com/Deep-Sea-Fish.html [8] http://www.suite101.com/content/adaptations-of-deep-sea-fish-a230044#ixzz17YRH7Amz [9] Deep sea and extreme shallow water habitats: affinities and adaptions by Franz Uiblein, Jorg Ott and Michael Stacowitsh 1996 [10] http://www.marinebiology.org/fish.htm [11] Adapted from http://www.mbari.org/earth/mar_tech/EITS/ob_deep/od_back.html

A Better Welfare System :: Work Job Employment Essays

A Better Welfare System I do believe people should have to work or get an education while receiving benefits. Nobody should get to get a 'free ride' through life! Nobody pays my way through life, I have to work for what I get. That quote is the word of a twenty-two year-old female who holds down a full-time job, pays rent, and taxes. Some, like her, may feel contempt toward welfare recipients who do not work for their benefits. The welfare system is a program for citizens who need assistance. but it should be considered a privilege, not a free ride. Everyone wants-or professes to want-to "end welfare as we know it," even though the welfare system is still thriving. The new program on the market, Workfare, is a reform tactic that will get recipients into the work force and eventually off benefits. It's is four a.m., and Jenifer Beack is getting her two children ready to go to day care until they are shuttled off to school. Then Jenifer heads to Roseville, Minnesota, to her job as a Customer Support Specialist at Allina Clinic Equipment Services. It's a hectic schedule for this single mother to maintain, but she's willing to do it. A couple of years ago, Jenifer, in her third year of college, was on welfare. She was struggling with full time school.. part-time evening job, and trying be a mother to her baby girl. It was when a friend told her about STRIDE (Success Through Reaching Individual Development and Employment,) a subdivision of Workfare that she began to see a way out. STRIDE, encourages recipients to see welfare as temporary assistance. emphasizing employment as the goal. Lynn Ransom, Case Manager with PIWC 5 (a branch of welfare), went out of her way to help Jenifer with anything she needed. PIWC 5 provided financial assistance for day care, car repairs, gas money, clothing, books and classes. Lynn helped Jenifer develop a resume, fine tune her interviewing skills, and select an interview wardrobe. What PIWC 5 asked for in return was a goal sheet which helped Jenifer develop reasonable goals to work toward. Lynn and Jenifer met on a regular basis to monitor progress. After graduating with a degree in Psychology and Speech Communications, Jenifer landed the job at Allina. Jenifer stated, "Lynn has been so wonderful. She's been there not only through financial struggles, but personal ones too.

Native Americans in the United States and Squanto Essay

Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they first settled in this area. He became known as a friend to the English and a spokesman for his Native friends (Johnson p. 2). However, in helping the English, Squanto realized the power he had obtained through his position and used it for his own gain against the Native Americans. He helped the English to destroy some Indian tribes and used trickery to obtain undeserved favors from many people in his own tribe. While Squanto was essential to the survival of the English in their American colonies, he betrayed his Native American friends in the process of providing the English with what they needed to survive (Johnson p. 2). Squanto spent much of his life living in the Plymouth Colony teaching his newly acquired English friends how to survive in this foreign land. He helped them greatly in the area of growing and gathering food. Without the help of Squanto, the English never would have discovered many important methods involved in growing a decent crop on the American soil. â€Å"Squanto showed the immigrants how to plant corn in hillocks, using dead herring as fertilizer†() after many failed attempts of growing while using their own methods. He also taught them how to fish and where the best spots were to catch enough to feed the colony. These important tips were essential to the survival of the English. Squanto was also very helpful in establishing peaceful relations between the colonists and Indians. In his first meeting with the Plymouth colonists, Squanto was able to work out a peace treaty in order to keep either side from hastily attacking the other (Johnson p. 2). He also acted as an interpreter and a guide to help make the English more comfortable around the indigenous people (). â€Å"Without Squanto’s help, the Pilgrims would probably have had severe famine over the next year, and would have lived in constant fear of their indian neighbors†(Johnson p. 2); the English could not have survived without the knowledge that Squanto had given them. However, the friendly side of Squanto is traditionally the only one taught to the American public, in which he is portrayed as an extremely friendly Native American who devoted much of his time and effort to helping the European settlers adapt to their newly acquired land. It is true that Squanto was a great help to the English settlers, however many modern texts, articles, and essays concerning Squanto neglect to include his betrayal of many Native American tribes in what is now Connecticut and Long Island(Vine p.201 ). Many elementary educated students are led to believe that Squanto simply â€Å"saved the newcomers from starvation ? and [taught] the Pilgrims how to survive†(David p. 24). This misconception of Squanto is the exact opposite of what many Natives thought of him(Vine p. 201). He became aware of his position with the English and began to threaten the indians by telling them he would â€Å"release the plague† (Johnson p. 2) on them if they did not do what they were told. He also provided the English with certain secrets that allowed them to easily defeat other Native tribes and control their land. Squanto was a key factor in the downfall of many tribes of that area, and he is not nearly as great a man as he is traditionally portrayed. From an English point of view, Squanto could be considered a hero due to the importance of the information he provided for the English. Had he not helped them so graciously, they may have died during their first winter. Despite his great deeds toward the English, Squanto could also be considered a traitor. He betrayed his Native friends only to gain power for himself and also for the English. While he was essential to the survival of the Pilgrims, he betrayed his own people in the process of helping the English. BIBLIOGRAPHY David, Lester. â€Å"Squanto: A Remarkable Man. † Boy’s Life. November 1995: 24 Johnson, Caleb. â€Å"The History of Ttisquantum. † Internet Explorer. Online. America Online. 21 September 1999. 16:49. Vine, Deloria Jr. Custer Died for Your Sins. New York: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969 Winslow, Edward. Good Newes from England. London, 1624.

Long and Short Term Causes of the First World War

Long and Short Term Causes of the First World War Free Online Research Papers The First World War commenced in August 1914 and was directly caused by the killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife on the 28th June, 1914 by Gavrilo Princep, a revolutionary from Bosnia. Although this single event had triggered the First World War, the actual causes of the war are quite complicated and continue to be a matter of debate amongst historians. World War I was the result of rising tensions amongst European leaders due to the pattern of aggression that emerged against each other. This aggression received further support by way of the increasing nationalism that had spread into all countries in Europe. The fear arising from the high levels of economic and colonial competition and the increasing risk of war made most of the European countries to form military alliances that further led to an arms race. Consequently tensions kept escalating which ultimately led to the outbreak of World War I. At the outset, the immediate cause of the First World War was an incident and not a specific reason that had been brewing or planned by opponents of the assassinated leader. Franz Ferdinand was the heir apparent to the Austrian-Hungary Empire and while visiting the city of Bosnia became a victim of the assassin. The taking over of Bosnia by Austria had been viewed as an infringement of the citizen’s independent rights in governing their country. Despite the unwillingness of Bosnia, its capital city was taken over by Austria-Hungary which generated a lot of antagonism amongst the Serbian people. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was viewed by Austria-Hungary as an insult and it felt intimidated by Serbia. Austria-Hungary immediately reacted by taking defensive measures and started preparing for the war that now became inevitable. Turkey united with Austria-Hungary and Germany while on the opposite side Italy and Japan united with Russia, Britain and France. This m erger of nations came to be called the Triple Alliance (McKay p.889). While preparations for war were continuing, the United States chose to remain non committal for some time but eventually decided to unite with the Triple Alliance in view of its assessment of German strategies as being egocentric ambitions. During the Congress of Vienna in 1815, nationalism was largely ignored and instead, nations decided to preserve peace. However Italy and Germany were not a part of such understanding and continued to be divided states. The revolutions and nationalist movements in Italy culminated in Italy’s unification in 1861 while unification of Germany happened in 1871. The Franco Prussian War of 1870-71 had left France much disgruntled due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine and Revanche. There were complications within the Balkans and Austria-Hungary in regard to nationalism because of the presence of several nationalist groups in these countries. There was a clash and conflict between the Pan-slavism of Serbia and Pan-Germanism of Austria-Hungary (McKay p. 884). The short term causes of World War I were the alliances and ententes that had become a practice with most European countries. As a result of the alliances there was tremendous pressure on leaders which led to rivalries on the international front as nations began to take sides and thus get ideologically divided on the basis of their political leanings. Imperialism was in the forefront from 1850 to 1914 and powerful nations competed with each other in colonialism. Nations used their military might in conquering weaker nations which began to be seen as an indication of power, wealth and high political status. Such a pattern encouraged more nations to adopt the practice of political expansion which resulted in more rivalry amongst nations. Amongst the royals, the British Crown held the maximum countries under its control; as much as 25% of the world was ruled by it. France and Russia were the biggest challenge to the British prior to getting into alliance with them in 1904 and 1907 respectively. The alliance with France and Russia was formed primarily to check the aggression by Germany in different parts of Europe. Britain also became a strong ally of America while it was at war with Spain. This alliance became very crucial for both countries especially after the commencement of World War I (McKay p. 905). Another short term reason for the war was commercial rivalry. The resentment between Austria and Serbia occurred by chance because of the economic issues relating to the piling up of huge arsenals. Britain was much ahead than other nations in terms of industrial and economic development and the competition was increasing rapidly to extract the maximum earnings from such activities. Although most European countries were in the race for industrial growth, Britain’s main economic rivals were Germany and America. The US had built massive infrastructure and attained immense wealth by 1914 because of its economic opulence, and after the commencement of the war, the US was best placed in supplying goods to Europe (McKay p. 883). This aspect of economic development had a deep meaning in being a cause for the outbreak of World War I. Britain and Russia were posing a grave threat to Germany in getting ahead economically, which made Germany to manipulate in forcing Russia to enga ge in war. The arms race was a long term cause that had major implications in making the European nations to go to war against each other. As one country acquired some weapons other countries raced to get hold of better ones in order to have the upper edge in acquiring the means for protection and defense. It was not long before most countries were deeply involved in the arms race. After suffering defeat at the hands of Prussia in 1870, France started acquiring more arms. Germany was not scared of France because of the armaments acquired, but because of the alliance France had with Russia. Germany would not be able to stand against the combined power of the two countries and hence decided to take them on individually. After the crisis in Morocco in 1906, more of military arsenal was acquired by most countries in Europe to meet threats arising from the training plans undertaken by the Russian armed forces. It was believed that Russia had acquired arms to such an extent that no country coul d stand against it in the event of a war. Under such circumstances Germany made plans of conducting defensive attacks in order to successfully combat the Triple Entente (McKay p. 885). Most countries had begun to expand their armies and navies. The armies of France and Germany had doubled between 1870 and 1914. There was increasing competition between Germany and Britain to expand their respective navies. It was decided by the British in 1889 that the empire must have a navy that is at least two and a half times larger than the second largest navy. Such a decision inspired Britain to launch the Dreadnought which was conceived in 1906 by Admiral Sir Fisher. The effectiveness of such battle ships was amply demonstrated in the Russo Japanese War of 1905. Accordingly, Germany too increased production of battle ships. Despite efforts for disarmament during the Hague Conference of 1907, international rivalry led the arms race to pick up pace. After the Morocco crisis in 1905, Germany declared its intention to support the cause of independent Morocco, which was given to France by Britain in 1904. France was defended by the British and a war was averted because of the 1906 international conference in Algeciras which permitted France to treat Morocco as a French protectorate. There was another conflict which happened because of the annexation of Bosnia by Austria-Hungary in 1908. The Great Serbian Movement’s objective was to acquire Slavic Bosnia which made Serbia to give threats of war on Austria-Hungary. Russia had already sided with Serbia and thus began to mobilize its forces which made Germany to threaten Russia with war. In a way World War I was postponed after Russia backed out because of the threat, but at the same time relations between Serbia and Austria-Hungary continued to deteriorate. There was a crisis for the second time in Morocco in 1911 when warships were sent to Agadir by Germany in protest against French occupation of Morocco. This time also Britain supported France and warned Germany of serious consequences. But Germany agreed to allow France free access to Morocco only if a part of French Congo was given to it. The Balkan Wars of 1912-13 saw the Turks being driven back to Constantinople while the Balkan States fought amongst themselves over control of territories. The breaking point was reached in Europe on 28 June, 1914 when heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne was killed in Sarajevo by a Serb who belonged to Black Hand organization. Immediately Germany pledged full support to Austria-Hungary and pressurized them to declare war on Serbia. At the same time France reiterated full support to Russia. In being convinced that Serbia had conspired against the interests of Austria-Hungary, the country issued an ultimatum to Serbia, to which Serbia consented immediately. War was declared on Serbia by Austria-Hungary on July 28, 1914, and on July 29 Russia started partially mobilizing its army in support of Serbia. Germany threatened war if Russia did not withdraw its forces while France also started to mobilize in anticipation of war between Russia and Germany. War was declared by Germany on Russia on August 1 and France entered the war after two days. Britain joined the war after Germany invaded Belgium in violation of Belgium’s officially declared neutrality. The World War I had commenced. References McKay J P, (2007). A History of Western Society: Volume 2. Bedford/St. Martins. Research Papers on Long and Short Term Causes of the First World WarAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasBringing Democracy to AfricaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and Canada

Explaining the theories of play Essay Example

Explaining the theories of play Essay Example Explaining the theories of play Paper Explaining the theories of play Paper This paper explores how drama helps in the mental, societal, emotional and cognitive development in kids. By explicating the theories of drama, it besides explores how drama has changed over the old ages due to technological alterations and the cognitive, mental, societal emotional and societal alterations which take topographic point when kids play. Other facets of drama which are explored includes its part as an mercantile establishment for kids to cover with experiences in the environment. Play is so of import to a kid s development that it is promoted by the United Nations 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 31.1, which recognizes the right of the kid to rest and leisure, to prosecute in drama and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the kid and to take part freely in cultural life and the humanistic disciplines ( WHO, 1989 ) . Acknowledging that kids need clip to prosecute in self-driven drama is of kernel among parents, health professionals and pedagogues. Play promotes the cognitive, societal, emotional and physical development of the kid hence it should non be underestimated. Children besides develop and beef up accomplishments such as linguistic communication development, job resolution, negotiating, and sequencing accomplishments which will be used in farther acquisition ( Singer et al. , 2006 ) . The function of drama in kids development has been illustrated in assorted theoretical accounts and theories. For case, Jean Piaget s theoretical accounts of kid development and acquisition are based on the perceptual experience that when a kid grows, it develops knowledge constructions and mental images ( strategies ) or linked constructs to understand and react to physical conditions in the environment. This are necessitated through drama activities therefore harmonizing to Piaget, a kid s construction in knowledge develops from innate physiological reactions to complex mental activities ( Singer et al. , 2006 ) . Harmonizing to Almon J. ( 2004 ) Piaget identifies four developmental phases which include Sensory motor where the kid at birth to two old ages builds constructs about how world works with the environing environment. At this phase, a kid does nt hold object permanency ( cognition that physical objects exist when non sighted ) . In the pre-occupational phase, the kid does nt gestate abstractly and needs physical fortunes which are concrete ( age of seven to 11 old ages ) . At two to seven old ages, the kid is in the concrete operational phase where he begins to gestate and explicate physical experiences by logical constructions and can besides prosecute in abstract job work outing. In the formal operations phase, knowledge constructions are adult like and embrace conceptual logical thinking. On the footing of the above phases hence, Piaget develops the cognitive theory of drama which outlines the cognitive rules of how knowledge can be built in kids ( Smith D. , 1995 ) . Harmonizing to this theory, Repetition of experiences through drama necessitates assimilation in the kid s constructions of knowledge therefore the kid sustains a mental equilibrium. New or different experiences cause loss of equilibrium and alter the kid s cognitive construction to suit new conditions therefore more and more constructions of knowledge are erected. Formalized acquisition every bit good as linguistic communication development is enhanced in playing kids. Coolhan K. et Al. ( 2000 ) suggests that chances for larning unwritten communicating is presented to the kid and this early development of linguistic communication will subsequently be utile in reading and composing. In add-on, kids develop problem-solving accomplishments as they play. Some of the playing activities they engage in require critical thought accomplishments like edifice with blocks, playing with H2O and sand, making mystifiers, or building and planing their inventive drama country ( Huertwitz S. , 2002 ) . Free kid driven play will do a kid funny about his or her universe and this facilitates farther acquisition. Therefore harmonizing to Ginsburg K. ( 2001 ) , when allowed to prosecute countries of their ain involvement, kids are likely to develop a positive attitude towards larning. Harmonizing to Jean Piaget, Play creates an ambiance which is relaxed where larning can take topographic point easy. In add-on, Piaget suggests that drama is non similar to acquisition and for development in knowledge to happen, there has to be assimilation and version. He further refers to play as assimilation in the absence of adjustment. Jean Piaget outlines four types of drama viz. physical or centripetal motor drama where a kid engages in repeat of physical activity such as vacillation of the pess or back throwing of the caput for sheer enjoyment of making so. In symbolic drama, the kid has a mental representation of non present worlds. In this type of drama Piaget suggests that It is chiefly affectional struggles that appear in symbolic play.A If there is a scene at tiffin, for illustration, one can be certain that an hr or two afterward it will be recreated with dolls and will be brought to a happier solution.A If the kid has been frightened by a Canis familiaris, in a symbolic game things will be arranged so that Canis familiariss will no longer be average or kids will go brave ( Piaget, 1912 ) . Examples of types of drama which encompass Piaget s types include ; A A Games of pivots ( Construction ) which A A Involve larning by chance from symbolic drama. On this type of drama, Piaget suggested that they are ab initio imbued with drama symbolism but tend subsequently to represent echt versions or solutions to jobs and intelligent creative activities Piaget, 1962.A A Other games include Games holding arbitrary regulations, games affecting two or more participants, board games with regulations, athleticss and card games ( Prunus dulcis J. , 2004 ) Hurtwitz S. ( 2002 ) suggests that originative drama signifiers portion of originative activity in kids which enables them to show themselves openly and without judgement and its shown when familiar stuffs are used in an unusual manner particularly when kids engage in inventive drama and role-playing. Creativity nurtures a kid s emotional wellness and the experiences underwent during their first old ages of life can significantly develop their creativeness. It fosters mental development by supplying chances for seeking out new thoughts, ways of problem-solving and thought ( Singer et al. , 1996 ) . Children need to be provided with originative stuffs and experiences like drawing/painting, picture taking, music, field trips, working with wire, clay, paper, wood, H2O or shadows. Time is needed to research these stuffs on their ain in order to purse their thoughts. This involves clip to believe about how to be after, design, concept, experiment and revision undertaking thoughts. Assortm ents experiences like field trips, observing vacations and activities with other cultural groups and promoting kids to convey visitants to school leads to creativeness. Children should hold more personal experiences with people and state of affairss outside of their ain environment, in order to integrate them in their drama ( Smith D. , 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Piaget, drama in kids enhances cognitive development which is achieved when there is a continued equilibrium between assimilation ( enforcing a scheme which exists on the universe ) and adjustment ( where the scheme are modified to suit the universe ) .For illustration through pretension drama, a kid imposes mental scheme on the universe therefore assimilation and they besides observe or imitate past events or activity therefore adjustment ; drama besides facilitates creative activity of tenseness between adjustment and assimilation which contributes to development in the kid ( Coolhan K. et al. , 2000 ) . Piaget to boot suggests that when kids play with objects ( pivots ) they develop symbolic abstract ideas and they construct their cognition through societal group interaction which is internalized into idea. Fantasy drama or lone drama in babyhood become concerted and negotiated therefore lending to the societal, cognitive and emotional position ( personality ) of th e kid ( Singer et. Al. , 2006 ) . Play develops societal accomplishments in kids particularly when playing house and taking up the functions of different household members. Vygotsky cites a state of affairs of two sisters playing at being sisters. They get good behaviors and dealingss between them that are neer noticed in day-to-day life state of affairss. Therefore drama allows interaction between kids as they communicate with each other, socialise in drama and listen to thoughts of others ( Vygotsky, 1978 ) . Cooperation is besides enhanced in these kids as they discover the importance of working together and sharing the drama tools available. Incase of struggles, they are able to negociate for better continued playing. Furthermore, a socially healthy kid adjusts good in school are more likely to execute good academically ( Smith D. , 1995 ) . Motor accomplishment development is enhanced by active drama activities in kids. They gravitate to physical activity when left on their ain. In drama, they perform many activities like running and leaping which leads to physical fittingness. Children who do nt play are more prone to fleshiness and many other complications. Apart from big musculus accomplishments, active drama besides enhances the development of little motor accomplishments when kids build, pigment or drama with clay. Acquisition and polish of accomplishments necessary for successful acquisition in school is via active drama ( Ginshburg K. , 2001 ) . Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory and related it to play in kids. Harmonizing to him, drama gives kids a good platform to talk out unrealized wants and helps in uncovering hidden, unconscious wants and struggles. Through drama, kids resolve tensenesss and construct their cognitive, emotional and moral facets of life therefore lending to their personality. Children initiate drama activities and through this, they are able to pass on symbolically through verbal and non verbal agencies, e.g. through such drama activities like narrative and narrative relation or those which involve delegating functions ( Singer et al. , 2006 ) Harmonizing Freud, Play in kids helps to alleviate assorted signifiers of anxiousness which include nonsubjective anxiousness, the fright of the external universe ; instinctual anxiousness ; the fright of 1s ain inherent aptitudes and the anxiousness of scruples ( ace self-importance ) . Freud farther suggests that kids during babyhood can non oppose actively and defend themselves from the outside universe either physically or by alteration harmonizing to their will. Their self-importance therefore in all sorts of ways enterprises to support itself against it by agencies of physical force or to modify it in conformity to their ain will ( Freud, 1936 ) The self-importance in kids harmonizing to Freud therefore defends itself by denial of world by phantasy, transmutation of world to accommodate ain intent and carry through ain wants and it is at this point that the kid accepts world. He suggests that kids express denial in signifier of drama utilizing word or art. He suggested that ; A little pocketbook or bantam umbrella is intended to assist a small miss to feign to be a grown-up lady.A Toy arms of assorted kinds enable a small male child to ape manhood.A Even dolls create the fiction of maternity, while trains, autos, or blocks produce in the heads of kids the agreeable phantasy that they can command the universe .A ( Freud, 1936 ) Erik Erikson derived the theory of kid development in which he suggested that development and socialisation procedures occur in specific preset phases and he focused on the societal facet of development. He divided life in eight phases each with a alone clip frame and features. Harmonizing to Erickson, each phase of development has a negative result and he termed this as an identity crisis . In Erickson s phases hence, I will concentrate on the first four phases which are important to play and the kid s societal development ( vocalist et. al. , 2006 ) Harmonizing to Erikson, satisfactory acquisition and declaration of each crisis is necessary if the kid is to pull off the following and subsequent 1s satisfactorily, merely as the foundation of a house is indispensable to the first floor, which in bend must be structurally sound to back up the 2nd floor ( vocalist et al. , 2006 ) . Erickson besides suggests that larning Trust Versus Mistrust occurs in the first one or two old ages and at this phase he asserts that if the kid is given good nurturing and love, drama is facilitated therefore trust and security is developed. On the other manus, if handled severely, insecurity and misgiving is inculcated in the kid and this bounds play activity which will subsequently attest in the kid as intervention of others with intuition and misgiving ( Smith D. , 2000 ) . The 2nd phase, Autonomy versus Shame, harmonizing to Erickson takes topographic point in early childhood, between 18 months to four old ages. The kid if good parented comes out this phase certain about himself, has elation with his control and is proud and non ashamed. If hapless parenting is given, drama activity is curbed and therefore a psychosocial crisis which encompasses a stormy kid with fits negativity and obstinacy ensues ( Hurtwitz s. , 2002 ) . This crisis is negative to play activity in the kid impacting the societal development of the kid. Harmonizing to Erickson, The 3rd phase, Initiative versus Guilt, consequences in happening of crisis during the drama age in ulterior preschool old ages. At this phase, the healthy developing child learns to conceive of drama activity and to broaden accomplishments via active drama of assorted sorts which may include phantasy. The kid besides learns to collaborate with others and to take every bit good as to follow. However if guilt is inculcated in the kid, he becomes fearful, does non take part in drama, depends unnecessarily on grownups and drama accomplishments are restricted in development and imaginativeness ( singer et al. , 2006 ) . The 4th phase as per Erickson is Industry versus Inferiority which occurs between school age and junior high school and at this phase, the kid Masterss accomplishments of life with respect to associating with other equals in conformity with regulations, go oning from free drama to play which may be structured by regulations and participates in formal teamwork e.g. baseball while prosecuting in societal surveies and arithmetic ( Alman J. , 2004 ) . Homework is necessary and self-discipline additions annually. Therefore a kid who has passed the old phases successfully through drama activity and good nurturing will be hardworking. Establishing on the above phases, Erikson perceived the universe of drama as of import to early phases of development of a kid as it offers a safe topographic point for the kid to work through his struggles for illustration kids can be seen forcing dolls in preschool in the same manner that they were pushed. They besides engage in function playing household members or other people and this frequently common. Harmonizing to Erickson, drama creates a safe universe in which effects are neither strong nor the bounds rigid. For illustration, some of the favourite things kids in preschool do include function playing, parents, instructors, monsters and wild animate beings ( Smith D. , 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Erickson hence, drama gives the kid an chance to form thoughts, phantasies and feelings in a program of drama. Therefore drama facilitates emotional development and allows geographic expedition of thoughts and relationships with less uncertainty, guilt and fake. Classical Theories of Play Harmonizing to the Surplus Energy Theory, a kid is motivated to play if he or she has a demand to let go of excess energy and drama occurs due to surplus energy which exists when kids are set free from their parents self saving activities.A Through the aimless legion drama activities, excess energy is released. However this theory does non explicate why people and kids with small energy engage in drama activities ( Ginsburg K. , 2001 ) . The relaxation theory was devised by Lazarus in 1883A and Patrick in 1916 and it plays a function in kids and is a manner of let go ofing suppressions which have accumulated from weariness as a consequence of comparatively new undertakings to kids. Therefore in kids, A Play replenishes used energy as a consequence of unfamiliar activities of knowledge that kid engages in. Harmonizing to the relaxation theory, kids and other people play because they need to loosen up and be off from normal life s emphasiss ( Singer et al. , 2006 ) . The readying Theory ( Instinct/Practice ) on the other manus suggests that drama prepares kids for grownup life through instruction: e.g. through such activities as squad work and function playing activities ( James et al ) . The palingenesis theory perceives hat activities which re-enact events from history are per se honoring e.g. hunting, throwing games, fell and seek and chasing. However, many of these activities do non reflect history ( Hurtzwitz, S. , 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the Cathartic Theory, kids play because of the demand of look of disorganised and painful emotions in a mode which is harmless. For illustration, kids may re-enact their penalties e.g. by call on the carpeting a doll. Children can let go of and finish antecedently restrained feelings by playing e.g. , spliting balloons, thumping clay, or pluging an hyperbolic bunching bag ) ( Schaefer, 1999 ) . This sort of emotional release is of import in psychotherapeutics ( Ginsberg, 1993 ) . The Compensation Theory perceives play in kids occurs to fulfill the psychic demands through their work e.g. drilling and insistent activity. However, this theory does non to the full account for the motive to play. Children who may desire to hit their friends because of choler can airt this action into drama utilizing war-like board games ( cheat, draughtss ) , card games ( war ) , or competitory athleticss activities ( Almon J. , 2004 ) . Some of the modern and station modern theories of drama which have been formulated include: Competence/Effectance Theory which perceives Humans as being out to seek and optimise their rousing degrees. This is due to the demand to bring forth interactions with the environment i.e. from kid to grownup. Harmonizing to this theory, arousal optimisation and demand for interaction with the environment leads to an consequence which gives kids a feeling of competency and is honoring to them. Though this theory accounts for general motive, it can non divide drama from work ( Smith D. , 1995 ) . A A Harmonizing to the Pre-Exercise Theory developed by Groos ( 1898 ) , drama in kids is a necessary pattern for indispensable behaviour in ulterior endurance. Thus the playful tactics for illustration contending carnal games or the unsmooth drama of kids are the portraiture of accomplishments which will help in their endurance and get bying later in life ( singer et al. , 2006 ) . Other theories include the palingenesis theory by G Stanley Hall ( 1906 ) and Wundt ( 1913 ) which perceives drama non as an activity which necessitates future instinctual accomplishments but serve to alleviate kids of unneeded familial instinctual accomplishments carried.A Harmonizing to this theory, Each kid passes through a series of drama phases matching to and recapitulating the cultural phases in the development of the race .A A Appleton in 1919 devised the growing theory which define drama as a response to generalise growing thrust in kids and ease the command of accomplishments which aid them in grownup map. A On the other manus, the Ego Expanding theories were developed by Lange in 1902 and Claparde in 1911 and they perceived drama as the manner of nature to finish the self-importance and thereby organizing the personality of the person in footings of knowledge, societal and other accomplishments ( Ginsberg K. , 2001 ) . A Harmonizing to childish kineticss by Lewin, drama takes topographic point as a consequence of the kid s cognitive life infinite which is unstructured thereby doing failure to distinguish existent and unreal.A Therefore, in Lewin s theory, the kid alterations into a behaviour of playful unreality in which things can be changed and are arbitrary ( singer et al. , 2006 ) . A Buytendijk devised another current theory of drama in which he suggested that the kid plays because he is a kid and because his cognitive kineticss do non let for any other manner of acting ( Smith D, 1995 ) therefore it expresses uncoordinated attack to the environment that the kid develops. A The Cathartic Theory ( Freud 1908 ) , perceives play as stand foring an effort to partially fulfill thrusts or work out struggles where the agencies for making so lacks in the kid therefore a kid has temporarily worked through a thrust through drama hence impermanent declaration to the thrust. Among the modern and station modern theories is besides the Psychoanalytic Theory by Buhler ( 1930 ) and Anna Freud ( 1937 ) . They suggested that drama in kids does non merely stand for wish-fulfilling efforts but besides attempts to get by with anxiousness arousing state of affairss which may overpower the kid therefore harmonizing to Freud and Buhler, drama in kids is both defensive and adaptative to cover with anxiousness ( Singer et al. , 2006 ) . Other current theories are Piagets cognitive theory which has been explained in the earlier phases of this paper. Play does non merely advance normal kid development, but besides helps them cover with experiences bing in the environment. Children who lack verbal ego look are able to joint their feeling and issues through drama ( Haworth, 1964 ) . Play acts as a agency of assisting kids trade with emotional and behavioural issues. In therapy for illustration, plaything and drama stuffs are provided to inform the kid that that infinite and clip is different from all others and that the kid should experience free to be to the full themselves ( James et al ) ) . The kid so plays out concerns and issues, which may be excessively hideous or anxiousness bring forthing to straight face them in the presence of anybody who can assist them to experience heard and understood. Symbolic representations through drama activities with dolls and marionettes give kids emotional distance from emotionally attached experiences, ideas and feelings ( Coolhan K. et al. , 2000 ) . Play is besides used to suppress fright in kids and therefore gaiety in kids dispels depression and emphasis ( Coolhan K. et al. , 2000 ) . Therefore leting a kid to play hide-and-seek in a darkened room can assist in suppressing fright of the dark. Furthermore, dramatic drama with hospital-related playthings can assist to significantly cut down hospital-specific frights. At the same clip, Fantasy drama helps a kid to travel from a passive to an active function for illustration when a kid engages in role-playing giving an injection to a doll patient. Fantasy drama in kids besides fosters the look of several defence mechanisms like projection, supplanting, repeat, and designation ( James et al ) . In every bit much as Play contributes to the cognitive, societal, emotional and mental wellbeing of kids, free clip for kids to prosecute in playing has been greatly reduced by technological development which has brought factors such as hurried life style, alterations in household construction, and increased attending to faculty members and enrichment ( Hurtwitz S. , 2002 ) . Childs who are under forced labor and development are non able to acquire clip and freedom to play. In the current universe, there are issues like war and vicinity force in which instance kids are non able to play due insecurity. Children from poorness stricken places have no resources that facilitate safe playing. However, even those kids from good off households with equal resources may non be profiting from drama due to an progressively hurried and pressured life style that prevent them from protected self-driven drama ( Almon et al. , 2004 ) . Many kids due to engineering are presently acquiring less clip for free exploratory drama because they are hurried to accommodate into big functions and their hereafter functions at immature stamp ages ( James et al ) . Parents are misled with carefully marketed messages that theoretical account parents expose their kids to every chance available to progress hence they go on purchasing many enrichment tools to guarantee their kids take portion in many activities alternatively of free exploratory drama. Some kids may be given specialised books and toys meant to excite them to develop adequately while others are provided with gyms and enrichment plans after school ( Ginsberg K. , 2007 ) . Many of these tools and plans are available and extremely advertised to parents who believed they are necessary for good development of their kids. Therefore in many occasions, much of the clip is spent forming for particular events or taking kids to those events which besides deplete the household s fiscal resources. Free self-driven drama which is of import to kids is replaced by extremely packed adult-supervised or adult-driven activities, and this limits creativeness in kids ( vocalist et al. , 2006 ) . In add-on, this hurried lifestyle brings emphasis and anxiousness related upsets like depression for some kids. Increased force per unit area to execute good in faculty members perchance manifests in school turning away and bodily symptoms. The decrease in drama may besides be due to inactive amusement via telecasting or computer/video games. In contrast to the wellness benefits of active, originative drama and the known developmental benefits organized activities, there is ample grounds that this inactive amusement is non healthy and has harmful effects ( Smith D. , 1995 ) . In other instances, kids who are exposed to pictures and computing machine plans at an early age get addicted to TVs, Computers ( laptops ) where they engage in computing machine games or chew the fating via cyberspace and other staffs most of the clip, and for such kids, their creativeness and motor accomplishments is normally low ( Coolhan K. et Al, 2000 ) . It has been established that increased attending on faculty members and other enrichment activities by kids plus the household due to the effects of engineering and modernism has replaced kids s drama. After school kids seldom get clip to play. Alternatively they are forced to sit at the tabular array and finish their prep given in school. At the same clip, their parents put on them force per unit area to analyze extensively burying to save any small clip for drama ( Ginsberg K. , 2001 ) . In add-on, schoolchildren are allocated less free clip and fewer physical mercantile establishments at school ; for illustration in the U.S.A, many school territories respond to the No Child Left Behind Act of 200137 by cut downing clip committed to recess, the originative humanistic disciplines, and even physical instruction in an attempt to concentrate on reading and mathematics. Due to engineering, the art of edifice besides does non prefer drama in kids and this tendency affects the societal and emotional development of kids. Furthermore, many after-school kid attention plans prefer an extension of faculty members and prep completion over organized and free playas good every bit physical activity. In decision, play by and large affects the ability to hive away new information in kids since their cognitive capacity is developed by a important alteration in activity. A alteration in activity does non intend in academic direction, category subject or formal structured physical instruction category but purely free-play deferral ( Coolhan K.et al. , 2000 ) . Less clip for drama in schools may be lending to discordant academic abilities between male childs and misss. This is because schools with sedentary acquisition manners have become a hard topographic point for male childs to last successfully ( Almon J. , 2004 ) .

Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Novel - Essay Example Whether Ryan will be able to do the justice to the task assigned to him, while solving a mystery of his past simultaneously. There seems to be no clear link between the abduction of his friends and the murder of Katy, except that they both occurred at the same place with a gap of twenty years. It appears as if Ryan is so disturbed by his past that he cannot analyze the situation critically. Dealing professional consignments with personal motives may end up in a blunder, and this is very much the case with Ryan’s search for the truth. In the start of the novel, the narrator explains the relationship between truth and detectives as that of a most desirable woman and her jealous lovers. He also warns the readers in the start that he craves for truth yet he lies (French, p.5). This is the paradox of the story, because Ryan has not revealed his identity of Adam Ryan, who was found in the woods in the summers of 1984. Therefore, Ryan’s services towards truth have been based on a lie. At the end of the novel Ryan receives the punishment for his dishonesty towards his lover, when he is removed from the case as well as he is restricted to a desk job. Ryan was after all not a good detective, because he did not respect the demands of his profession. A detective must use his mind while investigating a crime; he needs to be clear of all the prejudicial biases. The reason why Ryan was taken of the case was the fact that he was involved in similar incidence in the earlier part of his life. If he had been true to his pro fession, he would have not been transferred to the desk job; rather, the maximum that could have happened to him would be cancellation of investigation in only one case. Ryan took the matter personally, his conduct was based on logical fallacies, and as result of which he had to suffer. One can feel apologetic towards Ryan, but on rational grounds it

Globalization Transforms a Planet into a Flat World Coursework

Globalization Transforms a Planet into a Flat World - Coursework Example Thomas Friedman indicates that the world has now become flat and recommends that people embrace the changes as fast as they can. He also says that the globalization might not be in its finale but it is just on its early stages towards more developments. Friedman indicates in amazement that people might find themselves in his situation if action is not taken to be at par with the developments taking place in the world. Friedman (2005) indicates that he found himself ‘behind’ new technology at the time of conducting his research.New technologies had come up at the time of his research, and Friedman could not believe how people were in a position to hold meetings with people all over the world without their physical presence. In short, Friedman meant to say that new technologies are coming up, and it is a high time people get ready to embrace the new changes. He claims that other parts of the world have already embraced change, and are on the verge of restructuring their sy stems to welcome many more that may knock their doors.In Abowitz and Roberts (2007) work, it is justified to argue that technology is one of the many reasons that led to Friedman indication that the world may be leveled. Pollack (2005) argues that among the most important forms of technology is outsourcing. Over the years, many countries have been on the run to acquire millions and billions of shillings to invest in the technological sector. All forms of technological advancement were welcome by all states no matter how minute, so long as they proved their ability to move the country an inch further towards technological advancement. With this taking place, Brakman and Marrewijk (2007) argue that it became easier for the world, not only to store data but also to access to all undertakings in the world. As a result, computers became extremely cheap with more producers venturing into this market.